Annually in the United States, kidney cancer affects nearly 32,000 individuals and is responsible for over 12,000 deaths. It is estimated that 200,000 individuals are living with kidney cancer in the US If kidney cancer is detected and treated early and the tumor is localized to the kidney, patients can have a good disease-specific survival rate (95% at 5 years). However, when patients present with advanced disease, they have only an 18% two-year survival rate (Linehan et al., 2003). Over the past 20 years, there have been major advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, pathology, genetics, and treatment of renal cell carcinoma.